see Ethiopia entry
Some Broadcasting connections:

ETHIOPIA 7110.0 kHz 16.00-18.25 UT July 31, R. Ethiopia, Gedja,

A3Emode, 9k0 bandwidth, see

TAIWAN 'National Unity Radio' to KRE. Frequency minus 7 Hertz,

7199.993 / 7200.0 kHz 1200-1500 UT daily in July TWN NUR A3E 9k0.

GUAM 10120 / 10124 kHz.

Spurs minus/plus 220/225 kHz of TWR Merizo, 'Living Water Ministry'

in Korean

9900 1500-1600 44-45 TWR 250 335 15 218 234567 260323 291023

Kor USA TWR FCC - rent by BRB Ludo Maes.

CHINA 14000 kHz TX intermodulation on RTC site, of 13710 and 13855 kHz

at 13.57-15.00 UT CRI English via Kashgar Xinjiang Tibet RTC site,

and intermodulation with 13855 kHz Kashgar CRI in Mandarin.

From: Gaspar EA6AMM
Sent: Sunday, August 13, 2023 12:46 PM
Subject: [INTRUDER ALERT] IARU Monitoring System Region 1 Newsletter July 2023

Dear readers,

Please, find here the IARU Monitoring System Region 1 Newsletter July 2023:

https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/IARUMS-R1-Newsletter-2023-07.pdf

73,

Gaspar Miró, EA6AMM
IARUMS Region 1 coordinator

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

17725  there is an unknown radio station with seemlyAfrican language on 1931 , no info on eibi  .Possibly extension of the AWRprogram  which stops on 1830 Theprogram  on 1926 with English information and semi religious song before the end ashere: -75dbm  after 1932 at -110

https://app.box.com/s/exuf2g0uhp0cm0guab2u3r99n79s754varound 17 minutes for any one who can find something here

17735 Yorubasomething right now  with -75dbm signallocally in my RSP1a with paneshwar (paermeshwar? God in hindi )radio  tv  asID Just look at the recording and Yoruba National  Radio

Due to the problemwith SDRC I m missing the signal history Signals are between  -75 to -90

Hear it here. I didn’t fins the solution to record  two freqs in parallel It is part of SDRC thatcant use for now

https://app.box.com/s/m3fyb9al0b90c0kg2n75vkzmdq31elmj

Zacharias Liangas

Music Producer Greek Music Refuge / Dangdut  and Beyond via R Angela 5130kHz
GMR: 5130 0230-0300 every Sat   /D&B 0350-0400 Friday the 4th week of month

Hard  core DXer https://youtu.be/8VJ__oppkLs the pool
https://bit.ly/3OZixtr ; disclaimer on my writinghttps://linktr.ee/zliangas ; all my pages

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This log was with a wrong in the link, right is as follows  
4940kHz, 4940, Colombia/ Venezuela; 13/08/2023, 0917 – 0922 religious music selections. Poor, fady, S/N R=12dB (LOB-B).
https://on.soundcloud.com/8bEAp
73 Lucio 
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Em dom, 13 13e ago 13e 2023 às 17:45, Lúcio Bobrowiec via Hard-Core-DX<hard-core-dx@hard-core-dx.com> escreveu: 17735kHz Yoruba Nation Shortwave Radio via Woofferton, UK; 12/08/2023, 1948 – 1959 male talks maybe in Yoruba language “Yoruba” (but with some English words “Prime Minister”), probably to an audience. Good, without spurious QRM wich was at 1900; 1959 sign off,  S/N R = 19dB (LOB-B).
https://on.soundcloud.com/yP4Zt

4940kHz, 4940, Colombia/ Venezuela; 13/08/2023, 0917 – 0922 religious music selections. Poor, fady, S/N R=12dB (LOB-B).
https://on.soundcloud.com/EQQgP

5910kHz, Alcaraván Radio, Colombia, Puerto Lleras; 13/08/2023, 0922 –0928 male in spanish talks, 0927 music. Very poor, fady, unreadable, S/N R=5dB (LOB-B).
https://soundcloud.com/user-463139565/alcarvan5910khz0922utc13082023?ref=clipboard&p=a&c=1&si=18d62007e03e403ebffc642adeb63589&utm_source=clipboard&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=social_sharing

5952kHz, R. Pio XII, Bolivia, 12/08/2023 check at 2252 that usual het (weak) but at 2320 was off (LOB-B).
 PL Tecsun 310et 
Wire 14m,  dipole 18m 
Embu SP Brasil

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SIGNAL INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS IN TECSUN PL 310et, PL 380 AND OTHER RADIOS OF THIS BRAND

 On the display of these radios, in the upper right corner, 2 magnitudes related to the received signal are indicated: signal strength on the left and signal/noise ratio on the right (as shown in the image). 

1.Signal strength indicator – Related to the old S-meter, in Tecsun the unit of measurement is the dBµ (as it is on the display for short), or more correctly dBµV (dB = decibel, a way of expressing magnitudes of value as the voltage logarithmically; µV = microvolts) ). On those radios that use DSP technology, this indicator is also called RSSI. In the images is the table of readings made by the DSP SiLabs chip used in Tecsun in dBµ, and its relationship with the “S” unit. The columns in dBm and µV are also presented. 
Let's see this in practice on my 310et: I tune to R. Alcaraván at 5910kHz and (on average) the indicator in dBµ shows 28; checking this quantity in the table, it corresponds to S8. The reception is very poor and I would gladly give an S3. There is a good discrepancy, that is, the table does not match. But in this case we could give a discount and establish a different table, with the reality of our subjective values ​​of the “S” scale. So I tested it at 5055kHz, there was no station and the indicator showed 22dBµ = S7; it seems that this radio takes these readings without distinguishing the modulated signal from what is just noise. In that case an S1 would be the maximum tolerated. So I considered this Tecsun signal strength indicator a goner.

 2. Signal/noise indicator – In Tecsun the measurement unit is in dB (decibel) and in the images, there is a drawing that illustrates this quantity well; is the ratio between the desired signal and background noise S/N = signal to noise ratio or SNR (S=signal, N=noise, ratio=ratio, proportion). According to some texts, 15 – 25dB would be considered a minimum range of magnitude to establish connectivity but in Tecsun, observing in practice, the total range of magnitude in AM is 0 – 25dB. On FM this range can be overridden. The SNR is an interesting signal analysis unit of measure because in practice, we can establish the level of intelligibility, or the ability to copy a content in the signal, using a better term related to radio. In practice (on my 310et), this measurement is very consistent with what happened: noisy signals have low dB and vice versa. I listened on 08/13 at 0917ut, R. 4940 at 4940kHz with S/R = 12dB regular and noisy signal; on the same day at 0922utc to R. Alcaraván 5910kHz with S/R = 5dB weak signal and also noisy.

 Probably this Tecsun measurement of S/N indirectly establishes the magnitude of signal strength as well, because if the signal is noisier it is generally weaker. 

This text has as its main source the page: https://radio-timetraveller.blogspot.com/2015/01/the-ultralight-db-mystery-s-meters-and.html?m=1

In this research, I saw a video in which it is stated that these Tecsun measurements are negligible; I agree with the one related to Signal Strength but not with the SNR measurement.

73
LOB
Brazil
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Manuel Méndez
Lugo, Spain
Log in Reinante and Friol, NW of Spain
Sangean ATS 909X, Tecsun PL-880, cable antenna, 8 meters
ALASKA, 11875, KNLS, Anchor Point, 0805-0834, 13-08, Chinese, comments. 
25432.
ANTARCTICA, 15476, LRA 36, Radio Nacional Arcángel San Gabriel, Base 
Esperanza, 1746-1953, 12-08, songs in Spanish, at 1758 Morse code, 
Spanish, “A partir de este momento transmite LRA 36, Radio Nacional 
Arcángel San Gabriel en español, onda corta 15476 kHz desde Base 
Esperanza, Antártida Argentina…”, comments about  very low temperatures 
in Antarctica in the past, “Una nueva emisión de Uniendo Voces”, “Juan 
Benavente”, male, female, “Uniendo voces, ciclo especial de onda corta e 
internet desde la Antártida para el mundo, coordinación general Adrián 
Korol y Juan Benavente, nuestra red social Facebook …, correo 
electrónico, lra36nacional@gmail.com”, at 1940 comments about Radio Ham. 
At about 1953 signal cut off, but checked again at 2028 on air again 
with good and clear signal. 25422, at times 35433.
AUSTRALIA, 15460, Reach Beyond Austria, Kununurra, 1345-1400*, 13-08, 
program in slow English, id. “Thank you for tuning Reach Beyond 
Australia...”, interval signal and close. 45444.
BOLIVIA, 3310, Radio Mosoj Chaski, Cotapachi, 2339-2346, 07-08, Quechua, 
comments. 15421.

Also heard 0016-0023, 09-08, Quechua, comments. 15421.
BRAZIL
4885, Radio Clube do Pará, Belém, 0510-0529, 08-08, relaying Radio 
Bandeirantes news. 35433.
4985, Radio Brasil Central, Goiania, 0439-0556, 13-08, Brazilian songs. 
Teletype QRM. 13321.
6180, Radio Nacional da Amazonia, Braslia, 2050-2108, 12-08, Brazilian 
songs, Portuguese, comments. // 11780. 25422.
11815, Radio Brasil Central, Goiania, 0620-0646, 10-08, Brazilian songs, 
at 0631 id. “6 e 30”, “Radio Brasil Central”, program “Madrugada 
Musical”. Slightly distorted signal  35433.
15190.1, Radio Inconfidencia, Belo Horizonte, 1958-2018, 12-08, 
Portuguese, comments, id. “Rede Inconfidencia de Radio…” Brazilian 
songs. 15421.
CANADA, 6070, CFRX, Toronto, 0509-0532, 08-08, English, news, comments, 
advertisements, mentioned “Ontario”, “Canada”. Clear signal today due to 
Channel 292 is out of air at this time. 25432.
COLOMBIA, 5910, Alcaraván Radio, Puerto Lleras, 0512-0534, 08-08, 
religious comments, Colombian and religious songs. 25432.
Also heard 0502-0548, 12-08, religius songs, Spanish, Colombian songs, 
“Llaneras”. 25422.
DENMARK
5930, World Music Radio, Bramming, 1941-2005, 12-08, Brazilian songs, 
songs in English. 25432.
5970, Radio 208, Hvidovre, 1938-1955, 12-08, rock and pop songs, id. 
“Radio 208”. 25432.
15700, World Music Radio, Randers, 1028-1050, 11-08, songs in English, 
id. “World Music Radio, WMR”, Latin American songs, Cuban song “Y en eso 
llegó Fidel” by Carlos Puebla. 35433.
ECUADOR, 6050, HCJB, Pichincha, 0436-0500*, 13-08, Spanish, Ecuadorian 
songs, comments about music and culture of Ecuador, flute music, program 
“Ritmos y Canciones de Nuestra Tierra”, “HCJB”, anthen and close. 25422.
ETHIOPIA
6030, Radio Oromiya, Addis Ababa, 1806-1825, 12-08, East African songs, 
Vernacular, comments. 25322.
7110, Radio Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 0426-0437, 13-08, Vernacular, 
comments. 25222.
GERMANY, 6160, Shortwave Radio de., Winsen, 2014-2023, 12-08, English 
program “Amateur Radio”, news and comments about Ham Radio. 35433.
MALI, 5995, Radio Mali, Bamako, *0556-0517, 10-08, African songs, at 
0600 “Au Chant du Coq du Radio Mali”, “La matinale de la Radio 
Nationale”, “Bonjour”, French, news, comments, African songs, 
Vernacular, comments. 35433.
Also heard 1851-1903, 12-08, Saturday English program “English 
Magazine”, news and comments about Mali. 35433.
MEXICO, 6185, Radio Educación, Ciudad de México, 0555-0623, 10-08, 
Spanish, comments, Latin American songs, id. “Radio Educación”, 
classical music. 25422.
Also heard 0516-0633, 13-08, Spanish, comments about the political 
situation in Niger, program “Datos y Hechos”, “información fiable y 
confiable”, “Una producción de Radio Educación”, at 0527 id. “Cultura 
México Señal Internacional, la onda corta de Radio Educación”, Mexican 
songs. 34433.
MONGOLIA, 12085, Voice of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar (presumed), 0902-0921, 
13-08, female, unreadable comments, songs.  Extremely weak, audible at 
times. 15411.
NETHERLANDS
5955, Sunlite Radio, Westdorpe, 0458-0518, 13-08, Dutch, comments, id. 
“Sunlite, Sunlite”, songs in English. 24422.
6060, Radio Delta International, Elburg, 1822-1855, 12-08, songs in 
English, id. “Radio Delta International”, “radiodelta.am”, comments in 
English. 35433.
12075, Radio Delta International, Elburg, 0614-0810, 13-08, songs in 
English, id. "Radio Delta International", comments in English, id. 
“radiodelta.am”, more id. “Radio Delta International on 12075 kHz”, 
songs, “Finnish Requests” program. 35433.
NORWAY, 5895, Radio Northern Star, Bergen (presumed), 2034-2052, 12-08, 
songs in English. Very weak. 15421.
PERU, 4775, Radio Tarma, Tarma, 2340-2347, 07-08, Spanish, commercial 
advertisements “El  próximo 24 de agosto, en Tarma...”, id. “Radio 
Tarma”, comments. Good and clear signal. 35433.

Also heard 0015-0022, 09-08, Spanish, comments. 25422.
TAJIKISTAN, 7245, Voice of Tajik, Dushanbe, 1718-1732, 12-08, Persian 
songs and comments. 25322.
TIBET, 7385, PSB Xizang, Lhasa, 1630-1659, 12-08, Tibetan songs, 
English, comments, program “Holy Tibet”. 25432.
VANUATU, 7260, Radio Vanuatu, Port Vila, 0518-0529, 09-08, comments, 
Island songs. 15421.
Also heard 0550-0650, 13-08, female, comments, Island songs, male, 
comments. 15421.
VENEZUELA or COLOMBIA, 4940, Radio 4940, 0431-0517,  13-08, Venezuelan 
or Colombian songs, Spanish, religious comments. 15421.

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